Potential impact of aquaculture effluents in Loch Creran, Scotland
Main Article Content
Abstract
The aquaculture industry is developing at a fast pace, growing from 1 million tonnes a year harvested in the 1950s, to more than 75 million tonnes nowadays. However, there are rising concerns over the environment impacts. The aim of this study is to investigate the impacts of salmon aquaculture in Loch Creran, Scotland, using mussels Mytilus edulis (Linnaeus, 1758) as a bioindicator. Water samples and mussel tissues were collected from two different sites along the loch shore and were analysed for contaminant bioaccumulation and biological effects, using gas chromatography and histology techniques. The results showed high levels of heavy metals and organic compounds (n-hexadecanoic acid, 1-Heptatriacontanol, Isophorone, Cholestan-3-ol and oleic acid) in mussel tissues close to the salmon farms. The histology results indicate that the mussels from the aquaculture site are in poor health condition, with 90 % of tissue samples exhibiting one or more signs of pollutant induced stress, such as haemocyte infiltrations, lipofuscin accumulation, parasites and possible neoplasms.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Licence CC-BY 4.0
References
Aarab N, Godal BF, Bechmann RK 2011. Seasonal variation of histopathological and histochemical markers of PAH exposure in blue mussel (Mytilus edulis L.). Mar Environ Res 71(3): 213-217.
Amachree D, Moody AJ, Handy RD 2013. Comparison of intermittent and continuous exposures to cadmium in the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis: accumulation and sub-lethal physiological effects. Ecotoxicol Environ Safety: 19-26.
Aparna V, Dileep KV, Mandal PK, Karthe P, Sadasivan C, Haridas M 2012. Anti-inflammatory property of n-hexadecanoic acid: structural evidence and kinetic assessment. Chem Biol Drug Design 80(3): 434-439.
Argyll Marine Special Areas of Conservation 2005. Loch Creran Marine SAC Management Plan.
Burridge L, Weis JS, Cabello F, Pizarro J, Bostick K 2010. Chemical use in salmon aquaculture: A review of current practices and possible environmental effects. Aquaculture 306(1-4): 7-23.
Cao L, Wang W, Yang Y, Yang C, Yuan Z, Xiong S, Diana J 2007. Environmental impact of aquaculture and countermeasures to aquaculture pollution in China. Environ Sci Poll Res Int 14(7): 452-462.
Ciocan C, Cubero-Leon E, Peck MR, Langston WJ, Pope N, Minier C, Rotchell JM 2012. Intersex in Scrobicularia plana: transcriptomic analysis reveals novel genes involved in endocrine disruption. Environ Sci Technol 46(23): 12936-12942.
FAO 2016. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2016. Contributing to food security and nutrition for all. Rome: 200 p.
Frena M, Souza MRR, Damasceno FC, Madureira LAS, Alexandre MR 2016. Evaluation of anthropogenic contamination using sterol markers in a tropical estuarine system of northeast Brazil. Mar Poll Bull 109(1): 619-623.
Giltrap M, Ronan J, Tanner C, O’Beirn FX, Lyons BP, Mag Aoidh R, Rochford H, McHugh B, McGovern E, Wilson J 2016. Application of a weight of evidence approach utilising biological effects, histopathology and contaminant levels to assess the health and pollution status of Irish blue mussels (Mytilus edulis). Mar Environ Res 122: 33-45.
Gohar AA 2001. Heptatriacontanol and phenolic compounds from Halochris hispida. Nat Product Sci 7(3): 68-71.
Luo X, Su P, Zhang W 2015. Advances in microalgae-derived phytosterols for functional food and pharmaceutical applications. Mar Drugs 13(7): 4231-4254.
Kullappan M, Anbarasu A, Ramaiah S 2016. Ethyl iso-allocholate from a medicinal rice karungkavuni inhibits dihydropteroate synthase in Escherichia coli: a molecular docking and dynamics study. Indian J Pharm Sci 78(6): 780-788.
Maloy A 2001. Gametogenic Cycles of Marine Mussels, Mytilus edulis and Mytilus trossulus in Cobscook Bay, Maine. Univ Maine: 42.
Marine Scotland 2009. A Fresh Start. The renewed Strategic Framework for Scottish Aquaculture. The Scottish Government.
Marine Scotland 2015. Scotland’s National Marine Plan: A Single Framework for Managing Our Seas. [online] http://www. gov.scot/Publications/2015/03/6517/0
Nadella SR, Tellis M, Diamond R, Smith S, Bianchini A, Wood CM 2013. Toxicity of lead and zinc to developing mussel and sea urchin embryos: critical tissue residues and effects of dissolved organic matter and salinity. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 158(2): 72-83.
OSPAR Commission 2010. Agreement on CEMP Assessment Criteria for the QSR 2010.
Peel D, Lloyd MG 2008. Governance and planning policy in the marine environment: regulating aquaculture in Scotland. Geo J 174(4): 361-373.
Read P, Fernandes T 2003. Management of environmental impacts of marine aquaculture in Europe. Aquaculture 226(14):139-163.
Redmond KJ, Magnesen T, Hansen PK, Strand Ø, Meier S 2010. Stable isotopes and fatty acids as tracers of the assimilation of salmon fish feed in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis). Aquaculture 298(3-4): 202-210.
Russell M, Robinson CD, Walsham P, Webster L, Moffat CF 2011. Persistent organic pollutants and trace metals in sediments close to Scottish marine fish farms. Aquaculture 319(1-2): 262-271.
SEPA (2017). Aquaculture. https://www.sepa.org.uk/regulations/water/aquaculture
Sherwin MR, Van Vleet ES, Fossato VU, Dolci F 1993. Coprostanol (5-cholestan-3-ol) in lagoonal sediments and mussels of Venice, Italy. Mar Poll Bull 26(9): 501-507.
Sunila I 1988. Acute histological responses of the gill of the mussel, Mytilus edulis, to exposure by environmental pollutants. J Invert Pathol 52(1): 137-141.
Svärdh L, Johannesson K 2002. Incidence of hemocytes and parasites in coastal populations of blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) – Testing correlations with area, season, and distance to industrial plants. J Invert Pathol 80(1): 22-28.
Viarengo A, Canesi L, Pertica M, Poli G., Moore MN, Orunesu 1990. Heavy metal effects on lipid peroxidation in the tissues of Mytilus galloprovincialis lam. Comp Biochem Physiol C: Comp Pharmacol 97(1): 37-42.
White CA, Bannister RJ, Dworjanyn SA, Husa V, Nichols PD, Kutti T, Dempster T 2017. Consumption of aquaculture waste affects the fatty acid metabolism of a benthic invertebrate. Sci Total Environ 586: 1170-1181.
Wilson A, Nickell T, Cromey C, Black K 2006. ECASA Study Site Report; Loch Creran, Scotland. Internal Document.